MARKETING MANAGEMENT(Subject Code: MBADS1-126) → lesson 9 Topic: Personal Selling Personal Selling is also known as the door to door selling which is face to face communication between the buyer and the seller. In simple words, It is an art of persuasion in which the salesperson tries to win the confidence of the customer and also tries to know the importance of marketing strategies. However, personal selling has become consultative selling where the seller has become. It is face to face communication between buyers and sellers. This selling also helps to interact with the seller and the customer and at the same time tries to know the queries and the benefits of the product through the customers. Definition of Personal Selling- Some basic definitions are given below: 1. A famous writer Philip Kotler says, “Personal selling is a type of personal or local presentation by the firm’s sales force for the motive of making sales and building customer relationship.” 2. A famous writer W.J.Stanton says, “Personal selling involves individual personal communication in contrast to mass relatively impersonal communication of sales promotion, advertising, and other promotional tools.” 3. A famous writer Cundiff and Still, “Personal selling is kind as a method of communication. It includes not only individual but social behavior each of the individual in face contrast salesperson a prospect influence the others.” Features of Personal Selling- The features of personal selling help to educate the seller with their respective points like immediate feedback, two-way conversations, etc. The features of personal selling define the particular characteristics which are related to personal selling. It includes various points such as:- 1.Face to Face Interaction- This is the first features of personal selling and it means that there is face to face interaction between buyers and sellers. The seller tries to understand the needs of the buyers and provide the product matching the customer needs. Through this feature, the salesman helps to tries to persuade the customers for a particular product and make a healthy relationship between them. 2. Two Way Dialogue:- This is the second features of personal selling and it means that there is a two-way dialogue between the customers and the sellers in personal selling. The customer will respond in case he has certain objections while the seller will respond with an appropriate solution to customer problems. A salesman always thinks that whenever I talk to a customer, I can completely satisfy the customer for my product so that my customer gives me a positive response to my product. So this is the reason that two-way dialogue is a very effective feature for any selling procedure. 3. Immediate Feedback- This is the third most important merit or features of personal selling as compared to other forms of promotion is that various immediate feedback of consumers that will help the salesman to act accordingly. In this feature, the seller is always trying to receive the feedback of the consumers because a consumer is the only person who can tell us well about our product whether it is his goodness or the badness. 4. Art of Persuasion- This is the fourth features of personal selling and it means that in personal selling, salesperson persuades the customers to buy the product he convinced the customer and win his confidence so that sales are achieved. In any company or real life, a good salesman is considered to be a person who should influence or satisfy a customer to his product so that the customer is induced to buy and use the particular product. 5. Flexible- This is the fifth features of personal selling and it means that the nature of the product will be varied, personal selling will be also depending upon the consumer preferences. For Example– Personal selling styles will be different for industrial products. If personal selling technique is not flexible, then it will fail to persuade the customer towards our product or service. 6. Satisfaction: This is the sixth and unique feature or characteristic of personal selling that due to the effective communication between the seller and the targeted buyer a seance of satisfaction takes place in them that the products are either sold or the information is acquired from the targeted buyer about the modification and changes of the products and services. Importance of Personal Selling- The importance of personal selling in marketing includes various points for determining the selling procedure:- 1.Goal-Oriented Activity- This is the first importance of personal selling and it means that the ultimate objective of personal selling activity is that all the sales activities right from prospecting, pre-approach, approach, presentation and demonstration, handling objections, closing, follow-up are attained in a synchronous manner and ultimate objective of revenue generation is possible. It is very important for any object to be goal and objective because it explains the nature or purpose of that thing. Similarly, personal selling also has an objective that in some way I have to execute sales and earn the profit. 2. Consultative Selling- This is the second importance of personal selling and it means that this selling has become consultative selling. Nowadays, salespersons have become consultants who guide customers to purchase decisions. Through this strategy, the salesman improves the communication pattern, relationship strategies, and also improve the trust of their products. For Example– Relationship Manager helping the customer to buy an insurance policy. 3. Win-Win Approach- This is the third importance of personal selling and it means that this selling results in a “win-win” approach or philosophy. A salesman provides the right product to the customer, customer needs are fulfilled he gets desired satisfaction while on the other hand salesman sells his product and his sales targets are attained. Through this strategy, the company or salesman improves trustworthy relations, cordial relations, and other social relations with the customers because if your customer won then did you mean that you also won… 4. Helps in Relationship Building- This is the fourth importance of personal selling and it means that this selling not only helps in identifying the prospects but it also helps in building the relationship with the customers through continuous follow-up activities from the company side. This importance is very essential for the salesperson because, without a relationship-building strategy, no one salesman or company can achieve the customer’s trust and power. Through this, the salesman achieve these things like:- • Customer Trusts, • Relations, • Customers Action, • Goal or object, • and then profit. 5. Winning the Confidence of Customer- This is the fifth importance of personal selling and it means that this selling is an art of winning the confidence of the customer and inducing him/her to buy the product. This concept helps the salesman to develop or change the ‘official customers‘ into the ‘target or permanent customers‘. This is the last or most important point of personal selling because confidence is known as an assurance about handling something such as work, family, social events, and so on. Objectives of Personal Selling- The objectives of personal selling indicate how the sellers persuade or motivate our customers to buy a particular product or service. The objectives of personal selling include various points such as:- 1. To persuade the customers- The personal selling is an art of persuasion in this salesperson persuade and insist on the customer to buy the product. This objective plays a very perfect role for any personal seller. 2. To Increase sales- The ultimate objective of personal selling is to increase the sales of a particular company so that maximum revenue can be generated by the company. 3. To build long term relationship- Personal selling only helps to acquire the customers but also to grow and retain the customers. 4. To meet the specific needs of the people- Personal selling can help in meeting the specific need of the customer. For Example– Beauty and health-related products which require personal selling to match customize needs. 5. To maintain regular communication with the customers- Personal selling involves two-way dialogues between the buyers and sellers and a buyer can share his thoughts about a particular purchase with the salesperson keeping in mind the taste and preference of the consumer salesman (an offer the product an ensure communication is maintained with the customer throughout the lifetime of the company. Managing the Sales Force Creating Sales Force Structure, Territories, and Goals Creating the proper sales force structure, territoires, and goals leads to customer, sales force and firm satisfaction. Introduction Sales operations are a set of business activities and processes that help a sales organization run effectively, efficiently, and in support of business strategies and objectives. Sales operations may also be referred to as sales operations, sales support, or business operations. The set of sales operations activities vary from company to company but often include these nine categories: • Sales strategy: design, planning, execution; • Measurement of results: reporting, analytics and sales data; • Compensation, sales quota, policies; • Technology and tools, including CRM; • Training and sales communication; • Sales territory design and optimization; • Contests/spiffs; • Lead generation/sales programs; and • Customer segmentation. Creating The Sales Force Structure How will the sales process be structured? The answer to that question, an important one, depends on the company’s strategy. The resulting structure will guide the sales force and their actions and will, therefore, impact the company’s bottom line. When developing the sales force structure, sales managers must: • Figure out the right mix of generalists, product, market, or activity specialist with the objective of balancing sales force productivity. What is the right mix? That depends on the company and it’s offerings. • Design a reporting structure that makes it easy to both coordinate and control the sales process and the activities of the salespeople. • Help the sales people achieve their goals (and reduce stress) by providing training, coaching, incentives, information support, and performance management. Designing Territories Sales territories are the customer groups or geographic districts for which individual sales people or sales teams hold responsibility. Territories can be defined on the basis of geography, sales potential, history, or a combination of factors. Companies strive to balance their territories, because this can reduce costs and increase sales. Purpose The purpose of a sales force coverage (or sales territory) metric is to create balanced sales territories. There are a number of ways to analyze territories. The most common approach is to assess them based on their potential or size. If there is a large difference between territories, or they change over time, sales people may have either too much or not enough work. Too much work can cause the sales person to neglect some customers, while too little could lead to over-servicing the customers. Both actions can cost the firm revenue. In addition, if the sales person thinks that the territory distribution is unfair, they may leave and wind up working for a competitor. So, balanced territory allocation is important to keep customers, sales people, and the firm, as a whole, satisfied. “Sales potential forecast” can be used to determine sales targets and to help identify territories worthy of an allocation of limited resources. A sales potential forecast is a forecast of the number of prospects and their buying power. It does not assess the likelihood of converting “potential” accounts. Sales potential can be represented in a number of ways. Of these, the most basic is population (i.e., the number of potential accounts in a territory). In a survey of nearly 200 senior marketing managers, 62% responded that they found the “sales potential forecast” metric very useful. Construction Before they even begin to design new territories, a sales force manager should determine the workloads of all members of the sales team. The workload for a territory can be calculated as follows: Workload (#) = [Current accounts (#) * Average time to service an active account (#)] + [Prospects (#) * Time spent trying to convert a prospect into an active account (#)] They should also determine the sales potential in a particular territory. The sales potential in a territory can be determined as follows: Sales potential ($) = Number of possible accounts (#) x Buying power ($) A third metric that is just as important as the other two is to compare territories. Managers can look at the respective size of each territory or, more specifically, the travel time (the amount of time needed to reach customers and potential customers). Creating Sales Quotas Sales goals are commonly stated in terms of quotas. A sales quota is the minimum sales goal for a set time span. A sales quota may be minimum amount of dollars (monetary value) or product sold (volume). Sales quotas may also be for sales activity, such as number of calls per day. The time span could be set for the day, week, month, or fiscal quarter or year. Management usually sets the sales quota and the sales territory, but it’s not easy. When setting quotas, successful sales managers tend to: • Ask for less than they think the sales person can deliver; • Compare results to past performance, not forecasts; and • Ensure that the compensation scheme allows the sales force to make money when the company does. Recruiting and Selecting Salespeople Salespeople who have the best characteristics, and who fit the company ethos, should be chosen during the recruitment process. great deal of recent research has underscored the strategic advantage of managing employees as if they are assets rather than commodities. Making investments in a business’s assets makes a great deal of sense, because these investments will bring a return. A growing number of companies, recognizing that their employees are among their most valuable assets, are backing up that recognition with solid investment. Recruitment of the Sales Force Recruitment of talented employees is an essential part of any company’s ability to maintain success and ensure the achievement of standards within an organization. Recruiting sales personnel is no different. Recruiting sales personnel consists of actively compiling a diverse pool of potential candidates which can be considered for employment. In different industries, the constant need for talent creates a highly competitive marketplace for individuals, and it is important for any manager to be aware of these factors as they develop recruitment programs and policies. Methods of Recruitment: Internal and External There are two principal ways to recruit workers: internally and externally. Most companies will actively use both methods, ensuring opportunities for existing employees to move up in the organization while at the same time fielding new talent. Internal recruitment is often the most cost effective method of recruiting potential employees, as it uses the existing company resources and talent pool to fill needs. External recruitment focuses resources on looking outside the organization for potential candidates and expanding the available talent pool. The primary goal of external recruitment is to create diversity among potential candidates by attempting to reach a wider range of individuals unavailable through internal recruitment. Although external recruitment methods can be costly to managers in terms of dollars, the addition of a new perspective within the organization can carry many benefits which outweigh the monetary costs. Selecting Quality Candidates After obtaining a large, qualified applicant base, managers need to identify those applicants with the highest potential for success. Selective hiring helps prevent the costly turnover of staff and increases the likeliness of high employee morale and productivity. To evaluate the fit, it is important for managers to create a list of relevant criteria for each position before beginning the recruitment and selection process. Each job description should be associated with a list of critical skills, behaviors, or attitudes that will make or break job performance. When screening potential employees, managers need to select based on cultural fit and attitude as well as technical skills and competencies. There are some companies, such as Southwest Airlines, based out of the United States, who hire primarily based on attitude because they espouse the philosophy that you hire for attitude, train for skill. According to former CEO Herb Kelleher, “We can change skill levels through training. We can’t change attitude. ” Attitude and personality is especially important for sales positions, as they are often a customer’s first and only point of contact with the company. Managers must strive to identify the best applicants at the lowest cost. Companies have a variety of processes available to screen potential employees, so managers must determine which system will generate the most accurate results. The methods of selection vary both in levels of effectiveness and in cost of application. In addition to biographical information, companies can conduct personal interviews, perform background checks, and request testing. Because of the costs associated with these measures, companies try to narrow down the number of applicants in each round of hiring. Interviews One-on-One Interview: All jobs will require some sort of interview process to determine if the candidate is suitable for the role. This may be over the phone, one-on-one (above), or part of a group. Interviews determine if the candidates have the characteristics necessary for the job. The best interviews follow a structured framework in which each applicant is asked the same questions and is scored with a consistent rating process. Having a common set of information about the applicants upon which to compare after all the interviews have been conducted allows hiring managers to avoid prejudices and all interviewees are ensured a fair chance. Many companies choose to use several rounds of screening with different interviewers to discover additional facets of the applicant’s attitude or skill as well as develop a more well-rounded opinion of the applicant from diverse perspectives. Ultimately, the company will hire those who have the necessary skills and qualifications, and best fit the company culture and ethos. Salespeople have a specific set of personality attributes: they should be good listeners and have a keen desire to help people. They need to be trustworthy and honest, yet still be able to quickly perceive what the customer truly wants. They also need to be persistent. Employers will look for these attributes, among others, when hiring salespeople. Sales Training In general, training provides many diverse benefits both to the company as well as to the salesperson. Training is generally defined as the act of teaching a skill or behavior. However, what does this mean in business terms? Simply put, training in business is the investment of resources in the employees of a company so that they are better equipped to perform the tasks of their job. The type of resources invested may include time to learn, money to create programs and develop training materials, training effectiveness evaluation systems, etc. Benefits of Training Training provides greater skill and knowledge to the employees, which translate into any number of improved job performances. The belief is that providing employees with training will result in increased profits—the improved performance or error reduction of the employees results in cost reduction for the company. For sales personnel, training is especially important, as untrained salespeople interacting with customers may have a negative effect on the company’s reputation. Both the employee and the company benefit from training. By attending training sessions, employees can deepen their existing skill set, increase their overall skill set and increase their understanding of the organization (see ). Additionally (and perhaps unintentionally on the part of the company), the trained employee becomes more marketable in the event that he or she searches for another job—more and better skills will often lead to better or higher paying jobs. Other benefits that both may enjoy are increased job satisfaction, motivation and morale; increased efficiency, resulting in financial gain; increased capacity to adopt new technologies and methods; increased innovation in strategies and products; reduced employee turnover; and enhanced company image, reputation and customer satisfaction (particularly in the case of salespeople). Training: Training can be conducted in many ways, such as in a lecture or classroom format (above), online, or any number of ways. Need for Training The need for training varies depending on the type of organization that is being discussed; a manufacturing company has different training needs than an insurance firm. But regardless of the type of company being discussed, appropriate training systems can greatly benefit the company. Sales personnel will need different types of specialized training depending on the industry and the company’s unique circumstances. How does one decide on a training system? The process begins with a training needs assessment. This assessment ought to be a systematic and objective analysis of the training needs in three main areas—organizational, job, and person. Organizational needs deal mostly with the skills the company is looking for, the labor force, etc. whereas the job needs focus on the skills that the company views as necessary for a specific position. Then there are the person needs, and these are the most variable needs. Often these needs arise after a gap is seen in the expected performance compared to the actual performance of the employee. Training can also be a part of a young employee’s “exploration” stage, where training can be used to focus the employee’s interest and development towards a specific area. Training Methods Designing and implementing the training systems requires the company to consider a number of things; the method of training, the material the training will deal with, who will provide the training, how to evaluate the effectiveness of the training, etc. On-the-job training relies on the employee to recognize the skills and knowledge he or she will need as they perform their work, and then develop those skills on his or her own. Technical training focuses on a specific need of specific employees. Mentoring systems pair a younger or less experienced employee with an individual that has experience and success within the company who can offer guidance, aid and insight to the younger/less experienced employees. Coaching systems involve the manager offering developmental assistance to the employee through observation, assessment, providing feedback, questioning, etc. The training of a salesperson who will be working in a country other than his or her own can be broken into three segments—pre-departure, on-site, and repatriation. The pre-departure training consists of formal language training, training with respect to the local culture (culture sensitivity), education about the country (history, geography, government, etc.), and education about the company’s operation in the foreign country. Such training allows for easier assimilation of the employee into the country and the company’s office there. Once on site, training takes the shape of training at any other branch of the company. When the employee abroad returns, a repatriation program designed to reduce culture shock and to integrate the experience abroad is useful. Motivating and Compensating Salespeople Employees are best motivated through effective job design, equitable compensation, and treatment as stakeholders in the company. Employees as Stakeholders The concept of employees as stakeholders refers to the interest employees have in the success of the company and the fact that actions taken by the organization directly affect the employees. Employees’ stakes in the company are economic in the fact that their livelihood comes from the firm, psychological in that they derive pride from their work, and political in terms of their rights as employees and citizens. To motivate employees and improve firm performance, companies should strive for employee participation and influence. Voice and influence mechanisms allow employees to give input and to contribute their expertise to the success of the business. These mechanisms allow firms to get the most benefit from the skills of their human capital. Thus, firms with employee influence mechanisms get higher financial return from their employee assets. Effective Job Design Job design, defined as the allocation of specific work tasks to individuals and groups, is critical for any organization. Allocating jobs and tasks means specifying the contents, methods, and relationships of jobs to satisfy technological and organizational requirements as well as the personal needs of jobholders. If successful job design is not implemented, then the company’s general strategy and direction will be strongly diverted. Employees, in turn, will be demotivated. Meaningful jobs must exemplify the company’s goals and culture. Individuals, including salespeople, need to be compelled and excited to do their work. It is thus essential to design their jobs with the goal of motivating them. Motivation describes the forces within the individual that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work. Appropriate resource allocation allows large organizations to foster and develop innovation in their workforce. Reward systems include compensation, bonuses, raises, job security, and benefits. Job design is the base element for producing effective work organizations, so without meaningful job design, an organization will never operate to its potential. Compensation: Internal Equity The first consideration for designing a compensation system is that the base pay system needs to be internally equitable. In other words, the pay differentials between jobs need to be appropriate. The amount of base pay assigned to jobs needs to reflect the relative contribution of each job to the company’s business objectives. Compensation: External Equity The second consideration in creating a base pay system is external equity. This refers to the relationship between one company’s pay levels and the pay levels of competitors. Setting pay levels higher than the competition, in the hope of attracting the best applicants, is called “leading the market.” The risk is that a company’s costs will generally be higher than the costs of its competitors. Other employers can set their pay levels lower than their competition, hoping to save labor costs. This is called “lagging the market. ” The risk is that the company will be unable to attract the best applicants. Most employers set their pay levels the same as their competition. This strategy is called “matching the market” and maximizes the quality of talent while minimizing labor costs. Types Of Compensation Cash is one way to compensate employees, but cash alone is rarely enough payment. Benefits and other forms of non-monetary compensation are becoming more appropriate forms of compensation for employees in today’s workplace. In order to attract, retain, and motivate the best employees, benefits and other sources of non-monetary compensation should be considered. If the company has an understanding of what they can offer to employees, benefits can increase a company’s workforce quality and the general morale of employees. Companies can offer different types of benefits in order to create a positive culture for their employees. These benefits have the ability to promote social interaction among employees, make life easier for working parents, or improve their quality of life. Depending on the industry and job type, benefits may be more attractive than salary figures. This fact could allow companies to pay lower wages, thus reducing the total amount spent on payroll. Pay for Performance It is important to design reward systems carefully, taking into consideration base salary and other incentives. This notion applies especially to salespeople. Most compensation systems include “variable pay.” Depending on work performance, many companies reward their employees without affecting the base salary. To reward employees for achieving a set goal, many companies use bonuses. To this point, companies such as GE, HP, and Sun Microsystems use software that directly evaluates the behavior of employees with respect to customer service. Long-term incentives are also a part of reward systems. Stock options and profit-sharing plans are representative of long-term reward systems. Measuring Sales Force Performance Appraisals are the common form of measuring how well an employee performed compared to a set of stated objectives; feedback communicates these evaluations. Measuring the performance of the sales force within a company is vital to ensuring its success. This can be done through conducting performance appraisals and offering feedback. (1) Performance Appraisals Historically, performance appraisals have been used by companies for a variety of different purposes, including salary recommendations, promotion and layoff decisions, and training recommendations. In general, “performance elements tell employees what they have to do and standards tell them how well they have to do it” (United States Department of the Interior, 2004). One key item that is often forgotten during the appraisal process (by managers and employees alike) is that the appraisal is for improvement, not blame. Numerous methods exist for gauging an employee’s performance, and each provides strengths and weaknesses for given environments. Appraisal methodologies depend greatly on the type of work being done; an assembly worker will require a considerably different appraisal system than a business consultant. Similarly, a salesperson will be appraised very differently than a researcher. Performing an appraisal can be nerve racking for both parties if the situation is not handled correctly. There are many acts a manager can perform to make the process easier on both parties, and hopefully, mutually beneficial. Many assume that performance appraisals are meant to identify weaknesses to be worked on, and exposing these weaknesses can be painful for employees. Studies show that organizations should be leveraging the strengths of each employee rather than focusing on their weaknesses. Yearly performance reviews are becoming increasingly rare as companies begin to see the benefits of frequent appraisal. Constant fine tuning of performance can be much more effective than annual overhauls. Appraisal Methods • Graphic rating scales: This method involves assigning some form of rating system to pertinent traits. Ratings can be numerical ranges (1-5), descriptive categories (below average, average, above average), or scales between desirable and undesirable traits (poor ↔ excellent). This method can be simple to setup and easy to follow, but is often criticized for being too subjective, leaving the evaluator to define broad traits such “leadership ability” or “conformance with standards.” • 2+2: This method demonstrates how appraisals can be used primarily for improvement purposes. By offering employees two compliments and two suggestions for improvement focused around high-priority areas, organizations can become more productive. If the goal of the performance appraisal is employee improvement, this system can provide significant benefits; however, if the goals are more akin to compensation changes and rankings, the system provides little benefit. (2) Feedback In the broadest sense, feedback is simply verbal or nonverbal communication between two or more parties. Feedback should be given in all work situations, good and bad. However, people sometimes think of feedback as being synonymous with criticism when it is given in situations where expectations have not been met. Regardless, we are constantly surrounded by feedback as we see the consequences of our actions and how our actions affect the impressions of those around us, as shown in this feedback diagram. Feedback: Feedback is an essential part of our personal life and our work environment, making, giving, and receiving feedback successfully is critical. One common problem that managers overlook when reviewing performance is remembering that feedback is not all about forms. Traditional performance reviews have checklists, ratings, or reports that are used as tools to analyze feedback in the organization. While these forms are useful in documenting and appraising a person’s performance, feedback should not be dictated by the type of form an organization uses. Instead, it should be well thought out and measured according to the individual employee in question, considering their unique circumstances and abilities.

LESSON 8:Business Buying Process (1) Need/ Problem recognition – in business buying the need or problem arises for a product needed for operation of the business. Business buyers buy products either to take advantage of new opportunities in the market or to find a solution for any issues related to operations. There could be situations like – a machinery broke down, new machinery needed, inventory/raw materials needed for continuous production, technologically advanced new instruments needed, new product launch, new insurance provider for the staff, etc. Understanding the buying needs helps business marketers plan suitable marketing programs. For example, breakdown of a machinery results in losses till it is repaired or replaced. Here the suppliers can provide free repairs for certain period, buy back options for a new machinery, etc. They need to learn about the various buying scenarios for every client they have. Basis this they should clearly define market opportunities for themselves. In situations like Straight Rebuy, organizations usually have a contract signed to have the products supplied once the already bought products reach a specified inventory level. For example, a firm in production of leather boots will intimate the supplier of leather to send the material once it has the supplies left for few days of production. Same example applies for a construction company which needs cement and steel supplied at regular intervals. The final approving authority is informed about the buying situation in the organization by the production managers, etc. The suppliers should grab such opportunities and fulfil the contract so that the clients don’t switch to other suppliers. The need recognition is complicated in New Task and Modified Rebuy situations. (2) Need/ Problem Description – since there are many individuals involved in the decision process, a clear draft outlining the problem, quality and quantity of products needed is made for approval and discussion of concerned authorities. Inputs from primary users of the products must be taken. All the details of the product performance, characteristics, quantity, delivery time, installation requirements and price limits should be clearly defined by the buying centre. For example, a school was in need of new fleet of buses as part of its expansion. The inputs from the drivers and the admin staff responsible to get the school teachers and children to school were also taken. The need description for this case may include – • The requirement of a mini bus, etc. as per the traffic in the town, AC/ non-AC basis the weather, additional training need for the drivers, etc. • The exact number of buses needed to service the need, seat requirements, etc. • The price limit that the finance department can approve • Life of the buses, resale value, and service and repair, etc. In the discussion for the above scenario, a driver highlighted the need wherein a child with special needs should be able to alight the school bus. This resulted in a specification written which could have been overlooked and would have resulted in additional costs and grievance issues at a later stage. The requisition should be accurate as per the need recognition to ensure right product is bought. The whole effort will result in loss of time and money if the details are not accurate. (3) Information search – for Straight and Modified Rebuy the buying center already has information on the existing suppliers. In New Task situations the buying center may involve technical staff and people from other departments for their inputs. The purchasing team may seek know-how from their contacts in other organizations, refer advertisements in trade journals, internet search, or scan any proposals sent by suppliers in the recent past. A supplier search can be formal as well as informal (A.M. Weiss and J. B. Heide, “The Nature of Organizational Search in High-Technology Markets”, Journal of Marketing Research, May 1993, p 220-33). A formal search may include site visits of suppliers, analysis of product characteristics, sample test of the product, etc. Informal search includes visiting trade shows, referring journals, and meeting sales people from the supplier side. Based on the requirements a final list of suppliers is created. The suppliers not shortlisted could be because of various reasons, like bad image in the industry, high price, delivery time, quantity and quality criteria, etc. (4) Supplier Evaluation and Selection – additional information on suppliers is needed to further evaluate and select the suppliers. The organization asks the shortlisted suppliers to send proposals / quotations. The specific terms of the proposals made by each supplier helps the organization select the suppliers which meets its criteria. The organizations asks the suppliers for a formal meet or make presentations. A supplier not meeting the requirement may be immediately dropped from the list. These could be because of quality, support services, supplier flexibility, delivery terms, etc. The importance of these attributes varies according to the buying situation. The purchase agents need to be highly qualified for making negotiations. They should have the requirements listed as discussed in the meeting at the Buying Centre. The negotiations could be based on price and contract before final selection. Many organizations select more than one supplier to overcome any hurdles like a strike, etc. at one of the supplier organization. This also gives advantage at the negotiation table in bargaining on price, etc. As organizations are in the business for making profits, most of the negotiations are around the price of the product. A contract mutually agreed between the supplier and buyer is signed. The final order is made listing the product specifications, delivery terms, payment, after sale services, etc. The order is shipped, received and payment is made after inspection. (5) Post purchase evaluation – Once the products are used in the production department, organizations assess if the supplier has fulfilled all the terms of the agreement. This process is formal as compared to consumer post purchase evaluations. The outcome of this activity paves the way for learning in the purchase activity. A questionnaire may be sent to the production team for getting a clear picture on the product bought. The suppliers also follow this activity to ensure the buyers are satisfied so as to continue with the business, and maintain and increase market share. Other evaluation criteria may include delivery time, service during and after sale. A dissatisfied buyer may make demands for correction of problems and may even switch to other supplier. The supplier should work closely with the buyer in the competitive world to help each other meet their marketing objectives.

LESSON 1: What is Market Segmentation? Market segmentation is the process of dividing a total market into market groups consisting of people who have relatively similar product needs, tastes, and preferences. The purpose is to design a marketing mix strategy that more precisely matches the needs of individuals in a selected market segment(s). Market segmentation is the technique used to enable a business to better target its products at the right customers. It is about identifying the specific needs and wants of customer groups and then using those insights into providing products and services which meet customer needs. Market Segmentation Definition Market Segmentation is the sub-dividing of a market into homogeneous subsets of customers, where any subset may conceivably be selected on a market target to be reached with a distinct marketing mix Philip Kotle Market Segmentation consists of taking the total heterogeneous market for a product and dividing into several sub-markets or segments, each of which tends to be homogeneous in all significant aspects. William J. Stanton 1. Designing Products that are More Responsive to Market Needs: The company puts the customer in the first place, and adjusts products to satisfy them and achieve customer satisfaction at a profit. 2. Analyze Market: Segmentation market is helping executives to detect anyone who attacked its product market. 3. Assess Opportunities: After analyzing the market, companies that master the concept of segmentation will be on the lookout for the idea to find opportunities. This opportunity is not always something that big, but in its time would be great. 4. Mastering the Position of Superior and Competitive: A company that controls segments well is generally well aware of their customers. Companies understand the shifts that occurred in the segment. 5. Determining Effective Communication Strategies: After learning about the targeted segment, the company will determine how to communicate effectively with the targeted segments. ________________________________________ Types of Market Segmentation There are 4 different types of market segmentation and those are discussed below: 1. Geographic Segmentation 2. Demographic Segmentation 3. Psychographic Segmentation 4. Behavioural Segmentation Types of Market Segmentation 1. Geographic Segmentation Geographic segmentation divides the market into geographical units such as nations, states, regions, counties, cities.Theorganisation can choose to operate in one or more area and pay special attention to local variation. In that way, it can tailor marketing programs to the needs and wants of the local customer. The geographic segmentation is furthermore useful when there are differences in a location where a product is marketed. The differences can be caused by cultural factors, traditions, politics etc. 2.Demographic Segmentation In demographic segmentation, the market is divided on variables such as age, family size, family life cycle, gender, income, occupation, education, religion, race, generation, nationality, and social class. One reason demographic variables are so popular with marketers is that they’re often associated with consumer needs and wants. Variables are easy to identify and measure. 3.Psychographic Segmentation In psychographic segmentation, buyers are divided into different groups on the basis of psychological/personality traits, lifestyle, or values. People within the same demographic group can exhibit very different psychographic profiles. Psychological profiles are often used as a supplement to geographic and demographics when these do not provide a sufficient view of customer behaviour. 4.Behavioural Segmentation In behavioural segmentation, marketers divide buyers into groups on the basis of their knowledge of, attitude toward, use of, or response to a product. It considers variables like brand loyalty and the usage rate of the consumer.What is an EntrepreneurshipBases of Market Segmentation Bases of market segmentation are the factors that are used to divide the market into a small homogeneous market. 1. Geographic Segmentation: It includes the following variables: A. Region: Continent, Country, State B. Size of metropolitan area: Segmented according to population size C. Population Density D. Climate 2. Demographic Segmentation: It includes the following variables: A. Age B. Gender C. Family Size D. Family Life Cycle E. Income F. Occupation G. Education H. Generation I. Ethnicity J. Nationality K. Religion L. Social Class 3. Psychographic Segmentation: It includes the following variables: A. Interests B. Activities C. Opinions D. Values E. Attitudes 4. Behavioural Segmentation: Behavioural Segmentation is based on actual customer behaviour towards products. Some behavioural variables include: A. Benefits Sought B. Usage Rate C. Brand Loyalty D. User Status E. Readiness to buy F. Occasions ________________________________________ Market Segmentation Process Market segmentation itself is a process of grouping and sub-grouping a large heterogeneous market of the audience into similar qualities and attributes. This helps the companies concentrate on a specified group of customers they want to target which will help them gain a competitive advantage over their competitors in the market and ultimately help them gain profit. Using market segmentation the marketers can easily customize their marketing strategies. It narrows the risk of ineffective marketing strategies and chooses the right type of market segment that would suit their marketing strategies. Importance of Market Segmentation One of the most importance of market segmentation is that it allows an organization to precisely reach a consumer with specific needs and wants. Other importance of market segmentation is discussed below: 1. Adjustment of product and marketing appeals Market segmentation presents an opportunity to understand the nature of the market. The seller can adjust his thrust to attract the maximum number of customers by various publicity media and appeals. 2. Better position to spot marketing opportunities The producer can make a fair estimate of the volume of his sale and the possibilities of furthering his sales. In the regions where response of the customers is poor, the strategy of approach can be readjusted accordingly to push the sale. 3. Allocation of marketing budget It is based on market segmentation that marketing budget is adjusted for a particular region or locality. In the place where the sales are limited, it is no use allocating a huge budget. 4. Effective competition with rivals It helps the producer compete with his rivals effectively. The producer can adopt different strategies for different markets taking into account the rivals strategies. 5.Effective marketing programme It also helps the producer to adopt an effective marketing programme and serve the consumer better at comparatively low cost. Different marketing programmes can be used for different segments. 6.Evaluation of marketing activities Market segmentation helps the manufacturer to find out and compare the marketing potentialities of the products. It helps to adjust production and using resources in the most profitable manner. As soon as the product becomes obsolete, the product line could be diversified or discontinued. ________________________________________ Examples of market segmentation Example of geographic segmentation McDonald is an example of geographic segmentation. It customizes its menu that varies from country to country. McDonald’s has introduced burgers with no beef or no pork in it for India. And likewise in Mexico, more chilli sauce is used. KFC in India concentrates on veg products in south India and on chicken products in North India. Example of demographic segmentation Ferrero SpA an Italian manufacturer of branded chocolate is an example of demographic segmentation. Its sub-brand kinder manufacture chocolate specially for children and has also separate colours and toys for girls and boys. Example of psychographic segmentation Rolls Royce is an example of psychographic segmentation, it targets the consumer having the potential of buying luxury cars and having a rich lifestyle. It concentrates on the variable of the lifestyle of the consumer. Example of behavioural segmentation Airlines, hotel and such industry are the example of behavioural segmentation. Emirates airlines are the best example for it, it offers excellent services to the passengers which helps them retain the customer. It creates brand loyalty and make the customer loyal to their airlines and fly with them frequently.4Ps of Marketing Mix ________________________________________ What is the Target Market? Target market is a group of audience within which the company is planning to sell its products. It is a process after market segmentation is done, a marketer has to select one or more segments in which a marketer has to implement his marketing strategies. The target market consists of consumers who have similar characteristics who are more likely to buy the products which will be more profitable for the company. After the selection of one or more market segments, the marketer has to implement its marketing strategies. It has to modify the marketing mix (4Ps) as per the needs to reach to the customer. After a target market is selected marketer needs to position its product to the selected segment of the customers. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ •

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